Comparative neuropharmacology of structurally distinct non-fentanyl opioids that are appearing on recreational drug markets worldwide

Michael Baumann (center) and the members of the Designer Drug Research Unit who contributed to this study

Featured Paper of the Month – October 2023

Published in Drug and Alcohol Dependence with contributions from Michael Baumann and colleagues from the NIDA IRP.

Summary

The emergence of non-fentanyl synthetic opioids is exacerbating the ongoing overdose crisis in the United States and elsewhere. Non-fentanyl synthetic opioids are found in recreational drug markets as standalone products, adulterants in heroin, and in counterfeit pain medications. For this study, we examined the pharmacological effects of non-fentanyl synthetic opioids, including U-47700, brorphine, and isotonitazene, as compared to morphine and fentanyl. We found that all non-fentanyl synthetic opioids act as fully efficacious agonists at the mu-opioid receptor in vitro, but the compounds vary markedly in potency. Importantly, the 2-benzylbenzimidazole compounds (i.e., nitazenes), isotonitazene and N-desethyl isotonitazene, are much more potent than fentanyl in vitroand in laboratory rats. Our findings indicate that non-fentanyl opioids, especially nitazene analogs, may pose significant risks to humans who are exposed to the drugs.

Publication Information

Vandeputte, Marthe M; Tsai, Meng-Hua M; Chen, Li; Glatfelter, Grant C; Walther, Donna; Stove, Christophe P; Shi, Lei; Baumann, Michael H

Comparative neuropharmacology of structurally distinct non-fentanyl opioids that are appearing on recreational drug markets worldwide Journal Article

In: Drug Alcohol Depend, vol. 249, pp. 109939, 2023, ISSN: 1879-0046.

Abstract | Links

@article{pmid37276825,

title = {Comparative neuropharmacology of structurally distinct non-fentanyl opioids that are appearing on recreational drug markets worldwide},

author = {Marthe M Vandeputte and Meng-Hua M Tsai and Li Chen and Grant C Glatfelter and Donna Walther and Christophe P Stove and Lei Shi and Michael H Baumann},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37276825/},

doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109939},

issn = {1879-0046},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-08-01},

urldate = {2023-08-01},

journal = {Drug Alcohol Depend},

volume = {249},

pages = {109939},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: The emergence of novel synthetic opioids (NSOs) is contributing to the opioid overdose crisis. While fentanyl analogs have historically dominated the NSO market, a shift towards non-fentanyl compounds is now occurring.nnMETHODS: Here, we examined the neuropharmacology of structurally distinct non-fentanyl NSOs, including U-47700, isotonitazene, brorphine, and N-desethyl isotonitazene, as compared to morphine and fentanyl. Compounds were tested in vitro using opioid receptor binding assays in rat brain tissue and by monitoring forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in cells expressing the human mu-opioid receptor (MOR). Compounds were administered subcutaneously to male Sprague-Dawley rats, and hot plate antinociception, catalepsy score, and body temperature changes were measured.nnRESULTS: Receptor binding results revealed high MOR selectivity for all compounds, with MOR affinities comparable to those of morphine and fentanyl (i.e., nM). All drugs acted as full-efficacy MOR agonists in the cyclic AMP assay, but nitazene analogs had greater functional potencies (i.e., pM) compared to the other drugs (i.e., nM). When administered to rats, all compounds induced opioid-like antinociception, catalepsy, and body temperature changes, but nitazenes were the most potent. Similar to fentanyl, the nitazenes had faster onset and decline of in vivo effects when compared to morphine. In vivo potencies to induce antinociception and catalepsy (i.e., EDs) correlated with in vitro functional potencies (i.e., ECs) but not binding affinities (i.e., Ks) at MOR.nnCONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our findings indicate that non-fentanyl NSOs pose grave danger to those individuals who use opioids. Continued vigilance is needed to identify and characterize synthetic opioids as they emerge in clandestine drug markets.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}